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-PRELUDE
- ink on seals is stamped on paper in China, this is true printing. In 600 first books are printed.
--600 decimal counting system and zero used by Hindus in India, later spread through Arabia (hence arabic counting).
-Start of AD counting: Dionysus Exiguus proclaims the the year 532 AD
--800 Frankish Empire of at its top (Europe except Spain), in 800 Charles the Great (Charlemagne) is coronated as emperor by Pope Leo III. The 843 Treaty of Verdun splits the Frankish Empire in three, at the 870 Partition of Meersen the borders of France, Germany and Italy begin to take shape.
- Vikings, Saracen and Magyar conquer coast of Europe, GB, Greenland and Iceland
- human population 250 million
-===
-WESTERN HISTORY
- mechanical abacus invented in China
- Byzantine empire fights Islam: 4 great crusades
--1400 Disaster & War in Europe: Black Death reduces Europe's population by a third (1346-1353), 100-yr war between England and France (1350-1450), England and Scotland in war (1296-1402)
--1639 The Ottoman empire beats the Mongols, in 1453 (Byzantine) Constantinople falls
-Sawmills & shipbuilding
-- 1453 100 years war britain-france (joan of arc)
-Gutenberg invents the printing press with movable type
--1500 Spain, Portugal, GB and France get their current borders. Habsburg dynasty is divided into Spain and Hungary, Holland under spanish rule
-slavery begins
-Christopher Columbus enters the New World
--1700 Habsburg dynasty conquers Balkan States
-portugese rule the seas & trade
-Martin Luther
-slaves to America
-Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish astronomer) presents his astronomical theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun
-- 1598 wars of religion in france (huegenots)
--1626 Francis Bacon (English philosopher and statesman): one of the pioneers of the modern scientific method: observation, experiment, analysis of results.
--1642 Galileo (Italian physicist and astronomer) initiated, with the German astronomer Johannes Kepler, the scientific revolution that flowered in the work of the English physicist Sir Isaac Newton.
- Start of the Reformation
-- 1648 dutch revolt against spanish rule
-(akte van verlatinge until recognition)
- Pope Gregorius XIII: oct 15 follows oct 4, every 400 yrs (1600, 2000) an extra leap year
--1648 80-yr war between Holland and Spain (Willem van Oranje)
--1679 Thomas Hobbes (English philosopher and political theorist): one of the first modern Western thinkers to provide a secular justification for the political state. The philosophy of Hobbes marked a departure in English philosophy from the religious emphasis of Scholasticism: materialism
- Holland reaches and colonises Indonesia
--1650 Rene Descartes, French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician
-Paliarino constructs the first piano (evolved from the harpsichord)
- human population 500 million
-John Napier, inventor of logarithms, designs a hand-held device to help with multiplication and division
-/1618 Johannes Kepler (German astronomer and natural philosopher) formulates and verifies the three laws of planetary motion. These laws are now known as Kepler's laws
-tobacco trade
-witch burning ... 1740 last executions ... little over century
-th century: until the 17th century few mechanical clocks were found outside cathedral towers, monasteries, abbeys, and public squares. Probably the earliest clock, closest to the modern ones, was that constructed by the clockmaker Henry de Vick in the 14th century for the tower of the palace of Charles V of France.
-th century VOC - Holland's 'Gouden Eeuw' (Golden Century)
--1611 Mores leave Spain
--1662 Blaise Pascal, French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist, considered one of the great minds in Western intellectual history.
-William Schickard invents the first mechanical calculator
- the Dutch found New-Amsterdam (New York)
--1695 Christiaan Huygens, Dutch astronomer, mathematician, and physicist, born in The Hague. His numerous, original scientific discoveries won him wide recognition and honors among scientists of the 17th century.
--1677 Benedict Spinoza, Dutch rationalist philosopher and religious thinker, who is accounted the most thoroughgoing modern exponent of pantheism.
- Rebellion against monarchy in England, which was brought to a climax by the execution of King Charles I, political and revolutionary action against autocratic European governments resulted in the establishment of democratic governments
-===
-. MODERN SCIENCE LEIBNIZ & NEWTON
--1716 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, German philosopher, mathematician, and statesman, regarded as one of the supreme intellects of the 17th century.
-Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) presents his "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica"; introducing equations for the movement of particles caused by gravity or artificial forces: mechanics, and calculus (mathematical analysis concerned with the rates of change of continuous functions as their arguments change)
--1778 Voltaire, assumed name of Francois Marie Arouet (1694-1778), French writer and philosopher, who was one of the leaders of the Enlightenment.
-===
-. CAPITALISM TAKES OFF
-breakthrough in literacy, agri techniques spread
-less farm workers needed, capitalism takes off
--1776 David Hume, Scottish historian and philosopher, who influenced the development of skepticism and empiricism, two schools of philosophy.
--1778 Jean Jacques Rousseau, French philosopher, social and political theorist, musician, botanist, and one of the most eloquent writers of the Age of Enlightenment.
-===
-. FROM WITCHHUNTERS INTO RATIONALITY
-coffee trade
--1790 Adam Smith, British philosopher and economist, whose celebrated treatise An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations was the first serious attempt to study the nature of capital and the historical development of industry and commerce among European nations.
--1827 Pierre Simon Laplace, Marquis de, French astronomer and mathematician, best known for his successful application of Newton's theory of gravitation to account for all planetary motion in the solar system.
- Britain rules India
-sugar trade
--1830 Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, French mathematician, born in Auxerre, and educated at the monastery of Saint-BenoÃ“t-sur-Loire.
- Captain Cook explores Pacific Ocean
--1827 Ludwig van Beethoven, German composer, generally considered one of the greatest composers in the Western tradition. Born in Bonn.
-bataafse republiek in netherlands
-===
-MODERN TECH & INVENTION
--01-1801 Jacquard automatic punchhole-reading loom
--01-1803 steam boat
--01-1804 steam train
--01-1814 The Times printed by steam
--01-1822 Niepce photography
--01-1822 Babbage designs first difference engine
--01-1829 first typewriter
--01-1834 Perkins refrigerator
--01-1835 Henry relay
--01-1837 Morse telegraph
--01-1840 Britain penny post
--01-1841 Sax saxophone
--01-1846 The Economist & News of the World
--01-1859 Plante lead acid battery
--01-1853 Scheutzes difference engine (printing)
--01-1860 Edison light bulb
--01-1865 transatl telegraph
--01-1868 Broca localization of language
--01-1870 Britain national education act
--01-1870 line shaft systems popular
--01-1876 Gray first synthesizer
--01-1876 Bell telephone
--01-1877 Remington typewriter prototype
--01-1878 Crookes cathode ray tube (crt)
--01-1886 Kodak hand camera
--01-1886 Daimler car
--01-1887 Berliner gramophone
--01-1887 Cajal stains and draws neurons
--01-1890 Hollerith tabulating machine used for 1890 Census (later IBM)
--01-1892 Ives color photography
--01-1893 Tesla radio
--01-1893 world expo chicago (.5b in today's $)
--01-1896 Lumiere cinema show in London
--01-1899 magnetic recording of sound
-===
-v2 PEOPLE
-Alessandro Volta develops the voltaic pile or battery. The electrical unit known as the volt was named in his honor by Napoleon.
- War of Indepence (US against GB)
--1855 Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, noted for his wide-ranging contributions to physics, particularly the study of electromagnetism.
--1795 French Revolution
- human population 1 billion
--1836 Andre Marie Ampere (French scientist) is known for his important contributions to the study of electrodynamics. The ampere, the unit of electric current, is named after him
--1815 Napoleon Bonaparte occupies Europe and Russia
--1865 Sir William Rowan Hamilton, British mathematician and astronomer, known chiefly for his work in vector analysis and in optics. In the field of dynamics he introduced Hamiltonian functions, which express the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of a Dynamic system; they are important in the development of modern dynamics and for the study of quantum mechanics.
--1855 Soren Kierkegaard, Danish religious philosopher, whose concern with individual existence, choice, and commitment profoundly influenced modern theology and philosophy, especially existentialism.
-===
-A Smaller World
-George Stephenson's "Locomotion" steam train starts service on the Stockton–Darlington Railway (United Kingdom), the world’s first passenger railway.
-Development of the steam engine: In 1698 Thomas Savery (an English military engineer and inventor) patented the first crude steam engine, based on Denis Papin's Digester or pressure cooker of 1679. In 1712, Thomas Newcomen together with John Calley built their first engine on top of a water filled mine shaft and used it to pump water out of the mine. James Watt (Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer) made further improvements to the steam engine: most notably Watt's 1769 patent for a separate condenser connected to a cylinder by a valve. Unlike Newcomen's engine, Watt's design had a condenser that could be cool while the cylinder was hot. Watt's engine soon became the dominant design for all modern steam engines and helped bring about the Industrial Revolution, in which transportation and fabrication became mechanical. The unit of power called the Watt was named after James Watt.
--1907 William Thomson Kelvin, British mathematician and physicist, one of the leading physical scientists and greatest teachers of his time. He is also known as Lord Kelvin.
--1866 Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician, who developed a system of geometry that aided the development of modern theoretical physics: tensor analysis, leading to the pattern and concepts for general relativity later used by Albert Einstein in developing his theory of relativity. Riemannian geometry is also necessary for treating electricity and magnetism in the framework of general relativity.
-Joseph Nicephore Niepce (a French physicist) makes the first photograph on record
--1900 Gottlieb Daimler, patented the Daimler engine, a high-speed internal-combustion engine that was an crucial step in the development of the automobile
--1893 Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer, the foremost of the 19th century.
-Samuel F.B. Morse (left) activates the first telegraph system 60 kilometres (35 miles) long between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Md. with a transmission of the message, "What hath God wrought!". The telegraph revolutionized personal communication and news gathering and distribution (Associated Press).
--1931 Thomas Alva Edison (right), American inventor, whose development of a practical electric light bulb, electric generating system, sound-recording device, and motion picture projector had profound effects on the shaping of modern society.
- Great Irish Famine (many escape to US)
- US takes in California - The Gold Rush
-George Boole invents a system for symbolic and logical reasoning, called Boolean Algebra, which became the basis for computer design: Boolean Logic
-===
-World without Creation
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882) publishes "On the Origin of Species". The work laid the foundation of modern evolutionary theory with its concept of the development of all forms of life through the slow-working process of natural selection. Darwin's theory was first announced in 1858 in a paper presented at the same time as one by Alfred Russel Wallace, a young naturalist who had come independently to the theory of natural selection. Darwin's complete theory was published in 1859, in "On the Origin of Species"
--1865 Civil war between North and South US, slavery abolished
--1940 Europe colonises Africa
-Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev (Russian chemist) introduces the periodic table of elements
--1890 Holland colonises Indonesia
- French-Prusian War
-James Clerk Maxwell (left) explains the properties of electromagnetism
-Graham Bell (right) makes the first telephone call on March 10
--1890 Otto von Bismarck unites Germany
-Werner Siemens' invention, the electric tram starts service on the track Berlin-Lichterfelde
--1970 Max Born, German-British physicist and Nobel laureate. An outstanding theoretical physicist noted for his fundamental contributions in quantum theory.
--1962 Niels Henrik David Bor, Danish physicist and Nobel laureate, who made basic contributions to nuclear physics and the understanding of atomic structure.
--1961 Erwin Schrodinger, Austrian physicist and Nobel laureate, best known for his mathematical studies of the wave mechanics of orbiting electrons.
-Nicola Tesla designs the first practical system of generating and transmitting alternating current (AC) for electric power
--1964 Norbert Wiener, American mathematician and founder of cybernetics, the study of control and communication in machines, animals, and organizations, a sort of precursor of AI.
-Guglielmo Marconi invents the radio
-===
-EARLY 20TH
- human population 1.5 billion
--1957 John von Neumann, Hungarian-American mathematician, who developed the branch of mathematics known as the game theory
-Albert Einstein (1879-1955) presents his theory of special relativity (E=mc2), eventually leading to the development and use of the atomic bomb by the US against Japan. In 1915 Einstein presents his theory of general relativity (space and time are one continuum)
--1980 Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher, dramatist, novelist, and political journalist, who was a leading exponent of existentialism.
-Henry Ford starts conveyer belt car production
--1912 Chinese revolution (Kwo-Min-Tang)
--1918 World War I - war over resources and old conflicts (use of machine guns, planes and chemical warfare)
- Russian revolution
-Spanish flue kills 40-100 million people world wide
--1988 Richard Phillips Feynman, American physicist and Nobel laureate, born in New York City, and educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Princeton University. At Princeton in 1942 Feynman worked on the early stages of the Manhattan Project, the U.S. atomic bomb development program. Writer of QED, a book on quantum electro dynamics for non-physicians.
--1953 Josef Stalin, the Iron Man, rules Russia, millions of people are killed
-- Benoit Mandelbrot, Polish-born French mathematician who developed fractal geometry as a separate field of mathematics.
- Apartheid in South-Africa
-Philo T. Farnsworth constructs the first television
-===
-BIRTH PARENTS
-.
-ENIAC computer (modern architecture)
-human population 2.5 billion
-Watson & Crick (dna)
-===